Yugoslavia was destroyed by the IMF and the American government
Yugoslavia was once a regional industrial power and economic succes. Two decades before 1980, annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaged 6.1 percent, medical care was free, literacy was 91 percent and life expectancy was 72 years.
the Reagan administration targeted the Yugoslav economy in a Secret Sensitive 1984 National Security Decision Directive (NSDD 133), "Us policy towards Yugoslavia". A censored version declassified in 1990 elaborated on NSDD 64 on Eastern Europe, issued in 1982. The latter advocated "expanded efforts to promote a "quiet revolution" to overthrow Communist governments and parties", while reintegrating the countries of astern Europe into a market oriented economy.
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Whatever Happened to Yugoslavia?
The International Monetary Fund became the chief weapon used to destroy Balkan unity. Increased ethnic friction, then, can be seen as only a secondary cause of the dismemberment of Yugoslavia. As British economist and political analyst Sean Gervasi has stated, "Foreign intervention was designed to create precisely the conflicts which the Western powers decried."
IMF austerity measures were imposed in autumn 1989. The currency was further devalued, wages frozen, and state industries deemed "unprofitable under structural adjustment" (worker-owned companies) were closed. Unemployment immediately rose 20%. The federal government in Belgrade regularly transferred treasury payments to the republics and autonomous regions. Those payments were now stopped, the funds mandated by the IMF to service foreign debt. As the Berlin Wall was falling, wages in Yugoslavia fell 41%.
At this juncture, Prime Minister Ante Markovic visited Washington and reported worriedly that ethnic tensions were rising in the republics (New York Times, 10/14/89). George Bush convinced Markovic of the wisdom of more debt restructuring. An emergency foreign aid package was negotiated when Markovic promised to return home and liberalize constitutional controls on foreign investments. Markovic's ensuing legislation forced over one thousand by-then insolvent enterprises into bankruptcy. These companies could subsequently be purchased 'for a song' by Western investors.
Next, 650,000 Yugoslav workers struck. Although travail was increasing within the republics due to the precipitous decline, workers united in solidarity across all ethnic lines. It was in this atmosphere that Communist party leader Slobodan Milosevic came to power in the fall 1990 elections, railing against the dire conditions. Milosevic's gravest error was in not building upon worker solidarity at this juncture by appealing for the unity of all Yugoslavians. He lacked either the decency or the diplomacy to address each republic's complaints as the federation groaned and strained under economic duress. At a time when nationalist/separatist tendencies were flaring up in the republics, Milosevic fanned the flames by calling only for a united Serbia.
THE BREAKING POINT
Meanwhile, the economy plummeted. Eastern European Economics reported industrial production declined to a negative 10% growth rate and the GDP to a negative 7.5%. Then Milosevic took a bold step, one which would irrevocably condemn him in the eyes of Western monetary powers: he halted the IMF and U.S.-mandated reforms. He brought "structural adjustment" to a standstill.
Revenge was swift. One month later, in early November 1990, the U.S. Congress passed Foreign Operations Appropriations Law 101-513. Annual "foreign operations" appropriations facilitate U.S. corporate control of many of the world's economies by granting -- or withholding -- major funding to international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the Asian, African and Inter-American Development Banks. Section 599a of this Act cut off all aid, credit, and loans to Yugoslavia and demanded immediate, separate elections in each of the country's six republics. The U.S. State Department would alone determine the validity of each election and resume aid to individual regions if the victors were deemed "democratic."
Hence, in areas of Yugoslavia already severely destabilized by a dislocated economy, with strains of micro-nationalism fracturing the political and social landscape, a major influx of U.S. dollars went directly to those right-wing secessionist parties who won these cobbled-up elections. This was in Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia. The effect of Section 599a was as if deftly placed wedges had been inserted by the U.S. exactly along fissures of nationalism and ethnic identity and a sledge brought down on each. The economy entirely collapsed, recriminations broke out on all sides and, with separatist tendencies ignited by interventionism, the CIA in The New York Times of November 28, predicted civil war in Yugoslavia.
Evo i prevoda kakav takav:
Jugoslavija je uništen od strane MMF-a i američke vlade
Jugoslavija je nekada regionalna industrijska sila i ekonomski uspeh. Dve decenije pre 1980, godišnji bruto domaći proizvod (BDP) u proseku rast 6,1 odsto, medicinska nega je besplatna, pismenost je 91 odsto, a očekivani životni vek je bio 72 godina.
Regan administracija na meti jugoslovensku privredu u tajnom osetljiv 1984 nacionalnu bezbednost Odluka Direktive (NSDD 133), "Nas politika prema Jugoslaviji". Cenzurisan verzija skinuta oznaka tajnosti u 1990. elaborirao NSDD 64 na Istočnoj Evropi, izdat 1982. godine drugi zalagao "proširena napore da promovišu" Tiha revolucija "da zbaci komunističke vlade i partije", dok reintegracije zemlje krmi Evrope u razvijenim tržišnim privredama ekonomija.
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Šta se desilo sa Jugoslaviju?
Međunarodni monetarni fond je postao glavni oružje koristi za uništavanje Balkan jedinstvo. Povećana etnički sukob, onda, može da se vidi samo kao sekundarni uzrok razbijanja Jugoslavije. Kao britanski ekonomista i političkog analitičara Šon Gervasi je naveo, "Spoljna intervencija je dizajniran da stvori upravo sukobe koji su zapadne sile osudio."
Mere štednje MMF su nametnute na jesen 1989. valuta je dalje devalvirala, plate zamrznute, a državni industrija smatra "neprofitabilna pod strukturno prilagođavanje" (radnik vlasništvu preduzeća) su bile zatvorene. Nezaposlenost je odmah porasla 20%. Federalna vlada u Beogradu redovno prenose sopstvenih uplate na republika i autonomnih regiona. Te isplate su sada zaustavljena, sredstva mandat MMF da servisira spoljni dug. Kao Berlinski zid padao, plate u Jugoslaviji pao 41%.
U ovom trenutku, premijer Ante Marković posetio Vašington i prijavio da su zabrinuto etničke tenzije rastu u republikama (Nev Iork Times, 10/14/89). Džordž Buš je ubedio Markovića mudrosti više restrukturiranja duga. Hitne strana pomoć paket je po dogovoru kada Marković obećao da se vrate kući i liberalizaciji ustavne kontrole na stranim investicijama. Markovićeva usledio zakon primoran preko hiljadu do tada nesolventnih preduzeća-u stečaj. Ove kompanije mogu naknadno da se kupi "za pesmu 'zapadnih investitora.
Sledeće, 650.000 jugoslovenskih radnika udario. Iako je povećanje travail unutar Republika zbog naglog pada, radnici ujedinjeni u znak solidarnosti u svim etničkim linijama. Bilo je to u ovoj atmosferi koja lider Komunističke partije Slobodan Milošević došao na vlast na izborima 1990. jesenjih, ogradu protiv teškim uslovima. Najveća greška bila Miloševićeva u ne gradi na radnika solidarnosti u ovom trenutku pozivajući za jedinstvo svih Jugoslovena. On je nedostajalo bilo pristojnost ili diplomatija na adresu žalbe svake republike kao federacija nekulturan i zategnuti pod prinudom ekonomske. U vreme kada nacionalistički / separatističke tendencije su razgrnutim u republikama, Milošević potpirivali pozivom samo za jedinstvenu Srbiju.
Breaking Point
U međuvremenu, ekonomija pala. Istočna Evropska ekonomija prijavio industrijska proizvodnja opala na negativnu stopu rasta od 10% i BDP u negativnom 7,5%. Zatim Milošević uzeo hrabar korak, koja bi ga osuditi neopozivo u očima zapadnih sila monetarnih: on zaustavljen MMF i SAD-mandat reforme. On je doveo "strukturalno prilagođavanje" u zastoju.
Osveta je bila brza. Mesec dana kasnije, početkom novembra 1990. godine, američki Kongres usvojio inostranstvom Izdvajanima Zakon 101-513. Odeljak 599a od glavnih sredstava međunarodnim finansijskim institucijama kao što su Svetska banka i azijske, afričke i Inter-American Development bankama - Godišnji "strani operacije" aproprijacije olakša US korporativne kontrole nad mnogim svetskim ekonomijama po davanju - ili uskraćivanje. ovaj zakon je prekinula pomoć, kredit, i krediti na Jugoslaviju i zatražio hitne, odvojene izbore u svakoj od zemlje šest republika. Stejt department će sama odrediti validnost svake izbore i nastaviti pomoć pojedinim regionima ako pobednici su smatrane "demokratski".
Stoga, u oblastima Jugoslavije već ozbiljno destabilizovanih od dislociranim ekonomije, sa sojeva mikro-nacionalizma slamanja političku i društvenu scenu, veći priliv dolara otišao direktno na one desničarskih stranaka koji su osvojili secesionističkih ove popločanim-up izbore. To je bilo u Hrvatskoj, Sloveniji, Bosni i. Efekat razdel 599a je kao da vešto plasirana klinove je ubačena od strane SAD upravo duž pukotina nacionalizma i etničkog identiteta i saonicama srušila na svakoj. Ekonomija u potpunosti raspala, uzajamne optužbe izbio sa svih strana i, uz separatističke tendencije upaliti intervencionizma, CIA u The Nev Iork Times od 28. novembra, predvideo građanski rat u Jugoslaviji.
[Ovu poruku je menjao branko tod dana 25.11.2014. u 15:18 GMT+1]
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